Applications for BX61

Ceramic specimen
A thin section of the ceramic sample is cut of (5 mm thickness). One surface is treated by a process of repeated lapping and cleaning. After drying it is mounted to the microscope slide with resin. The exposed face is now reduced to ....

Conoscopy
The conoscopic image shows interference patterns of anisotropic specimen. To get a conoscopic image in a polarising microscope one eyepiece has to be removed from the tube. An auxiliary telescope or a Bertrand lens can be ...

Fluorescence microscopy system requirements
As explained under Limitations of fluorescence microscopy, the intensity of fluorescence is much lower than the light produced by the ...

Fluorescent probes
Many fluorescent dyes or fluorochromes can specifically interact with certain target molecules, like most nucleic acid stains (DAPI, ...

Opacity
Many minerals and crystals are even when thin sectioned (30 µm) not transparent. Also sections of metal samples or polished blocks are truly ...

Optical Anisotropy Studies
Optical anisotropy is studied in the polarised light microscope with accessory ...

Pleochroism
Depending on the crystallographic orientation minerals are able to absorb different ranges of wavelengths. This ability is called Pleochroism. If illuminated with unpolarised ...

Polishing
A polishing disk is covered with polishing cloth impregnated with a polishing medium (diamond particles) and a oily lubricant. Mostly two polishing steps ...

Reflected Darkfield Microscopy
Darkfield illumination with reflected light enables visualisation of grain boundaries, surface defects, and other features that are difficult or impossible to detect with ...

Reflectivity
Some minerals do not show transparency in thin sections. They are opaque. Opaque minerals can not be observed with a transmission light microscope. In this case a reflected ...

Relief
In thin sections grains appear in different textures, with different structural details, or with different “heights”. The physical reason for this appearance of relief is a difference between ...

Rock formation
As well as providing information on component minerals, an examination of geological thin sections using polarising microscopy can ...

Semiconductor Wafer Inspection
By using reflected light microscopy wafers can be inspected for contaminants, roughness or flatness. Brightfield, darfield, and DIC are appropriate methods to ...

Spectral unmixing
A major problem in live cell imaging arises from the use of different fluorochromes with overlapping spectra within one sample, impairing a ...

Time Lapse Imaging (in Material Science)
Dynamic processes such as crystal growth, can be monitored routinely nowadays. The duration of such processes may vary from the sub-second range to hours or days.

Twinning
A twinned crystal consists of two or more parts with different crystallographic orientations. The crystals lattice of one part is in a reversed orientation to the adjacent part. With polarised light ...

Z-sectioning and three-dimensional Imaging
Microscopy is basically a two-dimensional observation technique while biological samples are three-dimensional, of course. In order to map the entire volume, the specimen can be ...