Applications for F-View II

Resolution: 1376 x 1032 pixels
Binning: 2x, 4x, 8x
Dynamic range: 12 bits
Exposure times: 100 µs – 160 sec.
Frame rates: > 22 fps @ 2x binning
    (live)
Cooling: Peltier cooled
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Key FeaturesSpecificationsApplications

Becke line
  The Becke line appears as a band of light along the boundary between two media with different... More

Binning
  Binning, also called on-chip integration, is the combination of the charges of neighboring CCD pixels during readout.... More

Bit Depth of Camera Data
  The bit depth refers to the digitization of the analogue light signal by the analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter... More

Bit Depth of Digital Images
  The bit depth gives the number of possible greyscales (intensities) an image file format allows. For faster... More

Blooming
  If a CCD is overexposed, that is, if the illumination exceeds the full-well capacity of the photodiodes... More

Cameleon
  The protein Calmodulin is a ubiquitous intracellular calcium sensor that responds to changes in calcium concentration. Each... More

CCD
  The acronym CCD stands for "charge-coupled device". CCDs are used as electronic light sensors: Photons hitting the... More

CCD Chip Size
  The CCD chip size is often given in an inch measure: 1/2" chip, 2/3" chip, etc. Counter... More

CCD Chip Types
  Back-thinned, back-illuminated CCD chips This is a rather expensive and delicate type of chips for high-end scientific-grade... More

Chimeric proteins
  The construction of chimeric proteins is an elegant approach for FRET analysis in living cells (e.g.... More

Data Readout Rate
  Usually the rate limiting step is analogue-to-digital signal conversion. The conversion rate ranges somewhere between 1 and... More

Digital images
  Digital image files are based on tables that list the intensities, or "counts", of all pixels. In... More

Displaying Digital Images
  This problem is best explained with an example: Our image consists of 12 bit data with a... More

Dynamic Range
  The dynamic range of a CCD camera (DR) is the maximum signal (which is directly related to... More

Epodye
  Epodye is a fluorescent dye (Struers), which can be added to a cold mounting resin. When the... More

FireWire
  The IEEE1394, also called FireWire, is a modern plug-and-play interface between PC and camera (or other peripherals,... More

Fluorescence
  The term fluorescence is derived from the mineral fluorspar (calcium fluoride). Fluorescence belongs to the photoluminescence group... More

Fluorescence in situ hybridisation = FISH
  The term FISH refers to the common practice of fluorescence in situ hybridisation conducted on preparations of... More

Fluorescence and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) in combination
  To minimise the effects of photobleaching, fluorescence microscopy can be combined with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC). The... More

Fluorescence microscopy system requirements
  As explained under Limitations of fluorescence microscopy, the intensity of fluorescence is much lower than the light... More

Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Proteins
  If one is about to explain fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins the jellyfish Aequorea victoria is an outstanding... More

Fluorescent probes
  Many fluorescent dyes or fluorochromes can specifically interact with certain target molecules, like most nucleic acid... More

Fluorochromes
  Fluorochromes, unlike classical tissue stains, re-radiate the absorbed light, however, with longer wavelength (red-shifted). Each fluorochrome has... More

Foerster (Fluorescence-) Resonance Energy Transfer = FRET
  The precise location and nature of the interactions between specific molecular species in living cells is of major... More

Full-Well Capacity
  This is the maximum amount of charges (electrons) the photodiodes of a CCD chip can accommodate. It... More

Green Fluorescent Protein = GFP
  The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its spectral variants yellow (YFP); cyan... More

Ion imaging
  The fluorescence behaviour of several dyes is dependent on the concentration of certain ions such as calcium... More

Light sources for fluorescence microscopy
  Proper illumination is a prerequisite for light microscopy in general but this topic is of prime importance... More

Overlaying Transmission and Fluorescence Images
  Often it is interesting to merge fluorescence and transmission images into one image because both sources have... More

Pixels
  Digital images are made up of many thousands or even millions of tiny squares (or rectangles) called... More

Quantum Efficiency (QE)
  The QE is a measure, usually given in %, that describes the ability of the CCD to... More

Resolution of Digital Cameras
  In general, the assumption is that two point sources of light can be resolved (separately imaged) if... More

Shading
  Gradual noise and sensitivity variations across the CCD chip and the corresponding inherent intensity gradients in the... More

Single molecule fluorescence detection with TIRFM
  Commencing as a challenging problem in physics with the first detection of a single fluorescent molecule in... More

Slow-Scan Cameras
  CCD cameras are often termed slow-scan cameras because their standard frame rate is usually less than that... More

Spectral unmixing
  A major problem in live cell imaging arises from the use of different fluorochromes with overlapping spectra... More

Total internal reflection (=TIR)
  TIR is an optical phenomenon. If light is travelling through a medium with a high refractive index... More

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
  Total internal reflection (=TIR) is an optical phenomenon. If light is travelling through a medium with a... More

Well depth
  The well depth is the maximum amount of charges (electrons) the photodiodes of a CCD chip can... More

Yellow Fluorescent Protein (=YFP)
  The yellow fluorescent protein: a spectral variant of the green fluorescent protein (see GFP.) Exitiation maximum: 514 nm Emission... More

Z-sectioning and three-dimensional Imaging
  Microscopy is basically a two-dimensional observation technique while biological samples are three-dimensional, of course. In order to map... More

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